Cyprus became a British colony in 1878. In 1955, EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston), meaning the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters, was formed to fight for the end of British colonial rule in Cyprus. After four years of struggle, the Treaty of Zurich was signed between Greece, Turkey, Britain, and representatives of Cyprus, establishing the framework for Cyprus as an independent state.

On 16 August 1960, pursuant to the Treaty of Establishment, Cyprus was officially declared an independent state, with full sovereignty.

Cyprus Independence Day symbolises the birth of Cyprus as a sovereign nation. Its historical significance reminds Cypriots of their national sovereignty, independence, and the challenges faced in achieving it. Cyprus has been a member of the EU since 1 May 2004.